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The rare autoimmune hemolytic anemias are characterised by the premature destruction (hemolysis) of red blood cells at a pace quicker than they can be regenerated. Hemolytic anemias that are acquired have non-genetic causes. Idiopathic acquired autoimmune disorders happen when the body's natural defences against invading organisms (such lymphocytes, antibodies, etc.) accidentally attack its own healthy tissues. The spleen usually removes red blood cells (also known as erythrocytes) after about 120 days of life. The lifespan of the red blood cell and the rate at which the bone marrow replaces these cells define how severe this type of anaemia appears.

Through the use of the Coombs test, doctors can fairly reliably ascertain whether or not red blood cells are transporting compounds that the body is mistakenly identifying as "enemies" and causing damage to. In those who previously had a healthy red blood cell system, acquired autoimmune hemolytic anaemia can develop. The condition may develop from or coexist with another medical disease, in which case it is "secondary" to that ailment. A precipitating factor is less frequently present, therefore it happens by itself.

There are two types of acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia: warm antibody hemolytic anaemia and cold antibody hemolytic anemia. Warm antibody hemolytic anaemia occurs when self-produced antibodies (autoantibodies) attach to red blood cells and cause their destruction at temperatures higher than body temperature. In contrast, in cases of cold antibody hemolytic anemia, the self-produced antibodies (autoantibodies) attach and result in the destruction of the red blood cells at temperatures below the normal range of the body.

Symptoms & Signs

In general, acquired autoimmune hemolytic anaemia symptoms are similar to those of other anemias and may include fatigue, pallor, a quick heartbeat, breathlessness, dark urine, chills, and backache. In extreme cases, the spleen may grow and there may be jaundice, or yellowing of the skin. The symptoms of the other cause may be more noticeable if the autoimmune hemolytic anaemia is subsequent to this.

Causes

Any one or more of a variety of illnesses or conditions can result in hemolytic anaemia. As an illustration, relevant elements can include:

Red blood cells are obliterated by the patient's own immune system during an autoimmune reaction. People who already have an autoimmune condition, such as lupus, are more likely to develop the disorder.

the use of particular medications by particular people. Penicillin, quinine, methyldopa, and sulfonamides are a few examples of such drugs.

Red blood cells may become weak and susceptible to apoptosis due to inherited enzyme deficits. The culprits are typically low concentrations of the enzymes pyruvate kinase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

illnesses affecting the haemoglobin, such as sickle cell anaemia or a thalassemia.

Communities Affected

More women than males, notably women under 50 years old, are affected when acquired autoimmune hemolytic anaemia develops from unidentified sources. While warm antibody hemolytic anaemia can affect anyone at any age, cold antibody hemolytic anaemia most frequently affects elderly people.