Thermal analysis techniques have played, and continue to play, a prominent role in the characterization and development of polymer blends and copolymers of various architectures. Our goal in this chapter is not to present a comprehensive literature review of the subject but to provide background material and several examples of the utility of thermal analysis methods in understanding phase behavior, crystallization and melting behavior, etc. in these complex polymer systems. Crystalline materials, and these constitute an important fraction of the polymers in use today, many of the examples are there to involve crystalline polymers.  N carbon material research, thermal analysis has been frequently employed in order to understand carbonization of various precursors, oxidation of carbonaceous materials for stabilization and activation and surface functional groups of carbon materials. It includes Thermo Gravimetry (TG), Differential Thermo Gravimetry (DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD). The information obtained through various techniques of thermal analysis provides useful instructions for understanding carbon materials, for improving the functions and even developing new functions of carbon materials. For the characterization of carbonization behavior, TG and/or DTG have been applied mainly because the carbonization process is accompanied by marked weight change due to pyrolysis of the precursor, which governs carbonization yield, and also because most of carbon precursors such as pitches that are composed of various hydrocarbon molecules, have different thermal behaviours. For the study on oxidation of carbon materials, DTA, DSC, DTA/TG and DSC/TG have been employed mainly because the change in thermal energy during oxidation process is important information together with weight change. For the investigation on surface functional groups of carbon materials, TPD is a useful technique, as well as titration method.

The application of thermal analysis techniques are by focusing on TG including DTG, DTA and DSC. In order to resolve clearly what happens in a thermal process, two or three analytical techniques have commonly been combined together, for example, TG-DSC, TG-DTA, TG-MS (mass spectrometry), TG-FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), and TG-DTA-FTIR. Thermal analysis techniques have played, and continue to play, a prominent role in the characterization and development of polymer blends and copolymers of various architectures. Several examples of the utility of thermal analysis methods in understanding phase behaviour, crystallization and melting behaviour, etc. in these complex polymer systems. As the authors have had a particular interest in crystalline materials, and these constitute an important fraction of the polymers in use today

Copolymers: These are macromolecules that are synthesized from two or more different monomer units. The principle architectures or arrangements of the building blocks are determined by relative monomer reactivities and the synthetic procedures used. The different chemical units can be arranged in random, blocky (block or graft copolymers) or alternating fashion. The most common block copolymers are: diblocks, where relatively long segments of monomers A and B are connected at one end.

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